The study of the social aspects of behavior is the focus of the social psychology. it is an idea of what we think of our selves and to understanding how our interaction with other affect our behavior is not so obvious.
Experimental realism a quality of involvement where we research but without regard to the laboratory
In our life we encounter the situation that our personal reason vs the situational so there are a tendency to focus on proximal rather than distal causes.
The frustration - aggression is the blocking a goal oriented response it is a cause of aggression. if circumstances create a frustration then these will arouse a drive which motivates aggressive behavior.
in the biological approach we see aggression as a physiological based in the form of an innate of an response to aversive.
In Behaviorist approach it is aggression as a learned behavior in particular behavior which is sometimes reinforced to a desired achievements.
In cognitive approach we see aggression as a learned but but emphasizes the role of imitation has attempte to combine the cognitive mechanisms.
In psycho dynamic approach see aggression as an innate drive which can be redirected by catharsis and defense mechanism but cannot be eliminated.
and to the humanistic approach we see aggressive behavior as a response to circumstances which threaten the individual's ability to satisfy our needs.
Sunday, March 6, 2011
Saturday, January 29, 2011
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
the approach arouse out of attempts to understand two major issues the relationship between mind and body and the influence of heredity on behavior. Mind is the inner subjective experience of conscious awareness. and a nervous nervous system consist of many nerve cells or neurons. the nerve cell has a cell body dendrites and axon. most cell body are located in the brain or the spinal cord. the dendrites and axon are extension of cell body. the dendrites carry signals or impulse toward the cell body. the axon carries impulse away from the cell body. axon vary in length and thickness. the dendrites and axon are sometimes called nerve fibers.
and i learned that sensory neurons located in the eyes and ears while motor neurons are responsible for initiating muscles activity. the neurons which comprise the CNS are often called inner-neurons because they are intermediate between sensory and neurons the basic unit of the neuron system is the neuron.
A neuron is like a wire through which an electrical signals called a nerve impulse. brain stem is the region at the top of the spinal cord. the medulla a small swelling at the top of the spinal cord. Pons a Latin for ''bridge'' provides connection between the cortex and cerebellum. And reticular formation means "finely inter woven" and limbic system connection both up to the cortex down to the spinal cord acts a relay network controlling sensory input; as such it plays a key role in regulating our arousal level controlling alertness and sleep. the brain and nervous system function integrated system to regulate our behavior.
Electro electroencephalograph or EEG writing the electricity of the brain. EEG were used to identify synchronize patterns of activities associated with perceptual recognition;research found that was a burst of activities at that moment when an ambiguous visual stimulus was recognized.
electrical stimulation in this techniques small cluster of cell are activated by inserting a fine wire into the desired area and then applying a small electric current.
Computerizing imaging which use to use computer to assist in analysis of information are enabling research to gain insight about brain function. like CAT scan, x-ray ,PET scan MRI
both neural and chemical processes are important to our understanding of the relationship between the brain and behavior. the mind is ultimately a product of brain with a physical basis this assumption is often referred to as materialism at the same time no one can presently explain precisely how mind and brain connected. despite the progress made in understanding more basic function.
and i learned that sensory neurons located in the eyes and ears while motor neurons are responsible for initiating muscles activity. the neurons which comprise the CNS are often called inner-neurons because they are intermediate between sensory and neurons the basic unit of the neuron system is the neuron.
A neuron is like a wire through which an electrical signals called a nerve impulse. brain stem is the region at the top of the spinal cord. the medulla a small swelling at the top of the spinal cord. Pons a Latin for ''bridge'' provides connection between the cortex and cerebellum. And reticular formation means "finely inter woven" and limbic system connection both up to the cortex down to the spinal cord acts a relay network controlling sensory input; as such it plays a key role in regulating our arousal level controlling alertness and sleep. the brain and nervous system function integrated system to regulate our behavior.
Electro electroencephalograph or EEG writing the electricity of the brain. EEG were used to identify synchronize patterns of activities associated with perceptual recognition;research found that was a burst of activities at that moment when an ambiguous visual stimulus was recognized.
electrical stimulation in this techniques small cluster of cell are activated by inserting a fine wire into the desired area and then applying a small electric current.
Computerizing imaging which use to use computer to assist in analysis of information are enabling research to gain insight about brain function. like CAT scan, x-ray ,PET scan MRI
both neural and chemical processes are important to our understanding of the relationship between the brain and behavior. the mind is ultimately a product of brain with a physical basis this assumption is often referred to as materialism at the same time no one can presently explain precisely how mind and brain connected. despite the progress made in understanding more basic function.
Saturday, January 22, 2011
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
I learned that the motivation is motivated by mental processes some of which operate outside the individual awareness . behavior as part of coherence whole personality which reflect both current motivation and post experience. psychic determinism is a assumption made by Freud which state that all behavior has a cause and that the cause is to be found in the mind. the importance of unconsious process is that much of behavior is governed by process that lie outside the individuals awareness is that crucial mental influence are unconcious. another important assumption was the continuity of normal and abnormal behavior the last to point to consider is value of clinical data trained as experementalist. hysteria is a disorder characterized by physical symtoms for which there is no apparent physical cause.
catharsis is release of drive energy in indirect form either through the process of recalling emotionally charged experience of involvement in symbolic activity. a free association a technique orginated to study the mind based on asking a person to simply say whatever words floated into the mind and then looking for patterns.
conscious is a the aspect of the mind which with contains those thoughts and feeling of which we are immediately aware at a given moment . subconscious was the portion of the mind which are below the level of conscious awareness. preconscious is a part of subconscious which cannot be directly accessed by the conscious mind nonetheless impulse and through form the unconscious can learn out in fragmentary intrusions into conscious awareness either directly or in symbolic form.
catharsis is release of drive energy in indirect form either through the process of recalling emotionally charged experience of involvement in symbolic activity. a free association a technique orginated to study the mind based on asking a person to simply say whatever words floated into the mind and then looking for patterns.
conscious is a the aspect of the mind which with contains those thoughts and feeling of which we are immediately aware at a given moment . subconscious was the portion of the mind which are below the level of conscious awareness. preconscious is a part of subconscious which cannot be directly accessed by the conscious mind nonetheless impulse and through form the unconscious can learn out in fragmentary intrusions into conscious awareness either directly or in symbolic form.
THE COGNITIVE APPROACH
I learned that the mediator is a process or event within comes between a stimulus. cognitive map is a term for the mental representation of learned relationship among the stimuli and insight is a sudden charge in the way one organizes a problem situation typically that is characterize by a charged in behavior form .
a mental set in the cognitive schema an individual uses to organize their preception of a particular situation such as problem and latent learning describe situation in which learning is distinct form the performance of behavior.
learning and memory have a different learning is a process of gathering information and organizing .
memory is a retention and use learning recall in memory the active retrieval of information.
i know that recognition in memory is the process of identifying presented information as familiar and learning despite to recall or recognize and their have a short and long term memory
i learned also that our memory has have a procedural and we can organize it .you know we can compare our mind to a flash drive that have a 100's GB because we can stored our memory like a flash drive we can save anything we want .But our mind have a capacity sometimes we forget some memory because of the passage of time or we forget it because if we have a new learned or another memorable to came the new incoming information pushing out the previous memory.
a mental set in the cognitive schema an individual uses to organize their preception of a particular situation such as problem and latent learning describe situation in which learning is distinct form the performance of behavior.
learning and memory have a different learning is a process of gathering information and organizing .
memory is a retention and use learning recall in memory the active retrieval of information.
i know that recognition in memory is the process of identifying presented information as familiar and learning despite to recall or recognize and their have a short and long term memory
i learned also that our memory has have a procedural and we can organize it .you know we can compare our mind to a flash drive that have a 100's GB because we can stored our memory like a flash drive we can save anything we want .But our mind have a capacity sometimes we forget some memory because of the passage of time or we forget it because if we have a new learned or another memorable to came the new incoming information pushing out the previous memory.
Monday, January 17, 2011
behaviorist approach
Behaviorist Approach this is a study of mental condition including genetics and brain chemistry and the body that function .
Learning is a process that depends on experience and leads to longterm changes in behavior potentia.And the mind do the action.
Behaviorism (or behaviourism), also called the learning perspective (where any physical action is a behavior), is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling — can and should be regarded as behaviors. ...
* extreme care in spending money; reluctance to spend money unnecessarily
* meanness: extreme stinginess
* Parsimony is the use of the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available. The word derives from Middle English parcimony, from Latin parsimonia, from parsus, past participle of parcere: to spare
* (psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences; behavior having good consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior that leads to bad consequences is not repeated
* The law of effect is a principle of the psychology of learning described by Edward Thorndike (1911): It holds that responses that produce a satisfying or pleasant state of affairs in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation. ...
response is any reaction to stimulus, whetherovert or mental, for the behaviourist,a measurable change in behaviour
reflex is an unlearned response that can be striggered by specific environmental stimuli.
I learned that radical behaviorism is a position adopted by Watson and Skinner which argues that mental states are both inaccessible to scientific study and irrelevant to understanding behavior. Reinforcer is a stimulus which when it follows a response results in a charge in the probability of a response. A primary reinforcers is the most basic reinforcer which those are related to survival . Conditioning stimuli which act as reinforcers but are not based on biological survival such as praise, money or criticism.And i learned that the money is the most powerful conditioned reinforcer in our society.
I learned also the positive reinorcer is a stimulus which, when if follows a response serves to increase the probability of a response in the future and the negative reinforcer is an aversive stimulus which when it follows a response in the future.
Contingency of reinforcement is a description of the relationship between a response and reinforcer.
positive reinforcement is a proccess of increasing the probability of a response by immediately following the response with a desirable stimulus. a positive reinforcement can call as a punishment or tromma.
A punishment as a process wherby a response is followed by negative reinforcer which result in a decrease in the probability of the response.
Negative reinforcement is a process for increasing the probability of a response in which a response immediately leads to termination or whithout holding of an aversive stimulus since the response is increase in frequency. It is not equevalent of a punishment.
Omission is a process wherby a response is followed by terminating or whith holding a positive reinforcer which result in a decrease in the probability of a response.
Shaping is a process of reinforcing successive approximation to a direct response.
Learning is a process that depends on experience and leads to longterm changes in behavior potentia.And the mind do the action.
Behaviorism (or behaviourism), also called the learning perspective (where any physical action is a behavior), is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling — can and should be regarded as behaviors. ...
* extreme care in spending money; reluctance to spend money unnecessarily
* meanness: extreme stinginess
* Parsimony is the use of the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available. The word derives from Middle English parcimony, from Latin parsimonia, from parsus, past participle of parcere: to spare
* (psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences; behavior having good consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior that leads to bad consequences is not repeated
* The law of effect is a principle of the psychology of learning described by Edward Thorndike (1911): It holds that responses that produce a satisfying or pleasant state of affairs in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation. ...
response is any reaction to stimulus, whetherovert or mental, for the behaviourist,a measurable change in behaviour
reflex is an unlearned response that can be striggered by specific environmental stimuli.
I learned that radical behaviorism is a position adopted by Watson and Skinner which argues that mental states are both inaccessible to scientific study and irrelevant to understanding behavior. Reinforcer is a stimulus which when it follows a response results in a charge in the probability of a response. A primary reinforcers is the most basic reinforcer which those are related to survival . Conditioning stimuli which act as reinforcers but are not based on biological survival such as praise, money or criticism.And i learned that the money is the most powerful conditioned reinforcer in our society.
I learned also the positive reinorcer is a stimulus which, when if follows a response serves to increase the probability of a response in the future and the negative reinforcer is an aversive stimulus which when it follows a response in the future.
Contingency of reinforcement is a description of the relationship between a response and reinforcer.
positive reinforcement is a proccess of increasing the probability of a response by immediately following the response with a desirable stimulus. a positive reinforcement can call as a punishment or tromma.
A punishment as a process wherby a response is followed by negative reinforcer which result in a decrease in the probability of the response.
Negative reinforcement is a process for increasing the probability of a response in which a response immediately leads to termination or whithout holding of an aversive stimulus since the response is increase in frequency. It is not equevalent of a punishment.
Omission is a process wherby a response is followed by terminating or whith holding a positive reinforcer which result in a decrease in the probability of a response.
Shaping is a process of reinforcing successive approximation to a direct response.
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